The Acute Pain on the Chest during Angina Essay

The Acute Pain on the Chest during Angina - Essay Example This essay is, therefore, going to elaborate on the nursing problems in Mrs. Brown’s case as well as the nursing interventions for each problem illustrated (Anderson 2007). The patient’s first problem is the acute pain in the chest which she rates it at a scale of 9/10. This problem relates to the patient since the symptoms that the patient narrates are the characteristics of Angina. The patient points out that she is sweaty and that she feels an extreme pain in the chest which feels like someone was squeezing out on her chest. The patient’s history of hypertension implies that she has a problem with the circulation of blood in her body due to the narrowing of the airways. The two main priority interventions for this problem are the administering of nitroglycerin to the patient to relieve the acute pain and encouraging deep breathing and coughing exercises (Johnson 2008). Before embarking on any intervention, a nurse should be able to establish the history of the patient in order to match the patient’s condition with the symptoms that she depicts. This will help the nurse in making the right diagnosis for the patient. The baseline i nformation that was obtained by the nurse in the case of Mrs. Brown will include the weight, blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration rate. This information helped the nurse to come to a conclusion that Mrs. Brown really suffered from Angina and Hypertension (Ang, et al., 2009). Cameron (2011) points out that when the patient is administered with a dose of nitroglycerin, the action of this medicine will help to dilate the coronary arteries and instantly increase the venous pooling consequently reducing the rate at which oxygen is used in the body as well as the myocardial preload. The pain that is experienced by Mrs. Rose is due to the lack of enough oxygen supply to the heart making her have a feeling of squeezing in the heart.   This drug will help in the redistribution of blood to the area of the heart muscle (Blackwood 2009). The administering of the drug should be started in the ED sublingually or by using a spray after every five minutes for three doses.

Normative Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Normative Ethics - Essay Example It is unfortunate if doctors or other concerned individuals would allow the mother to die just because abortion is not morally permissible. The mother can conceive again and luckily enough give birth to a healthy child but if neglected to die, such acts would remain in the guilty conscience of those involved for a longer time. Such cases occur in the event that the mother is not feeling well, the fetus has some terminal illness that might affect the mother, or the fetus is dead. Removing it from the womb would be beneficial to the mother physically. Most people nowadays especially the younger generations abort for the wrong reasons. Probably the individuals practiced unsafe sex resulting into unwanted pregnancies. Rather than keeping the baby and maybe giving it up for adoption after giving birth, the individuals decide to terminate the pregnancies. In other cases, married women decide to abort in the event that an unplanned pregnancy kicks in which they know their husbands would not approve. Others cheat on their husbands and abort when they get pregnant with the other man’s child. Such cases of abortion should not be morally permissible despite the justification such individuals try to make on the acts. I believe that if the health of the mother is not at stake, individuals should just carry the pregnancy to term and give the baby out for adoption if they do not need it. Actually, some couples out there cry themselves to sleep since they can never conceive. Ironically, others carelessly abort even as many as seven times before settling down and getting serious with life. Such individual women may fail to conceive later in their lives since in the process of so many abortions, they could have damaged their womb. From there, guilty conscience starts to eta them up with lots. Therefore, individual women should be careful if they do not wish to get pregnant; they should refrain or use the various birth control methods in the

Palliative Care in End Stage Congestive Heart Failure

Palliative Care in End Stage Congestive Heart Failure Congestive heart failure (CHF) is an inability of the heart to supply/pump blood to the body as it needs in normal. CHF is an acute illness and a chronic disease in which the passage of time may cause other physical and psychological diseases that poses a threat to the health of the patient, and may be the cause of life limiting (American Heart Association, 2010). This indicates the poor quality of life of the patient, exacerbating health problem. Hence, those patients need to attend palliative care to improve the quality of life. Palliative care for CHF patient is very important to relive or prevent the pain which may be able to be cause physical problems such as (respiratory disorder and sleep disorder) or psychological problems such as (depression and anxiety). Palliative care is supportive care which provides physical support, psychological support, spiritual support and social support and that is to provide the best as much as possible to improve quality of life (Davidson, Macdonald Newton, 2010). How can you help and support Verner from the palliative care perspective? From the case Mr. Verner has complaining from several problems related to his state of physical, psychological, social and spiritual. In the beginning I have to consider appropriate place of care either in hospital or at home if there is sufficient support in all ways (Patient UK, 2010). Then Ill start with him a comprehensive assessment for his situation from perspective of palliative care includes the physical and psychological, social, cultural and spiritual (existential). Mr. Verner has advanced heart failure or end stage heart failure where can be identified the stage according to Dunderdale, Thompson, Miles, Beer Furze (2005) by the New York Heart Association (NYHA). In addition NYHA can assess a variety of the physical symptoms and restrictions. An important aspect of Mr. Verner management is communication and listening, exploring his understanding and feelings about his illness. Exploring concerns about the future can provide opportunities to discuss death and preferences fo r end of life care (Jaarsma et al., 2009). There are physical and psychological complications caused by CHF. For example Mr. Verner case: he does not sleep at night because he has trouble breathing, probably he has pulmonary congestion/pulmonary edema because according to (American Heart Association, 2010) pulmonary edema is one of the complications of CHF. So, medical intervention is needs in order to address the symptoms experienced by the patient, because medical care is very important to reduce patient stress and anxiety. Providing support through effective communication, skills may lift the moral of the patient. During communication I have to be honest and fidelity also in dealing with this patient must be show kindness, compassion and respect. In order to helping Mr. Verner from the palliative care perspective I have to provide a good palliative symptom management, psychological, spiritual and social support will provide hope and reassurance. Emotional and social support is very important aspect for CHF patient. Where the presence of family, relatives and friends around of the patient would be a very strong supporter to improve the psychological status of the patient and reduce depression, anxiety, social isolation and loneliness (Jaarsma et al., 2009). Ill ask the provider of Social Work to communicate with family members to provide the counseling and patient needs from social services. Also the family members should be encouraged in participating with palliative care team to more improve in the physical care for the patient. Moreover, he may benefit from a referral to social services and district nursing. Liaison between his primary care team and the local palliative care team is strongly recommended and Mr. Verner could be given contact numbers for the palliative care services. Hospice care for further social support and respite may be beneficial. Providing spiritual support is one of the important aspect of palliative care whether from family or from clergy, to encourage and support the patient to let him look to the future with optimism and live with his society and daily activities in comfortable manner until he dies (Becker, 2010). Which problems and needs can you identify? From the case it shows to me Mr. Verner suffering from physical and psychological problems which include: Heart disease is the main cause of worsening of his situation and increase physical problems that are: According to Scherer et al., (2005) lack emotional and social in patients with CHF makes the psychological problems in evolution as experienced by Mr. Verner: Physical problems Nausea,Vomiting Vertigo all the day time Decreased appetite Lack of energy Trouble breathing Cough in night Sleeping disorder Psychological problems Depression Anxiety Social isolation/loneliness Hopelessness Fear of death Nursing diagnosis: Decreased cardiac output related to decreased myocardial contractility. Impaired gas exchange related to lung congestion resulting in trouble breathing and cough in night. Nutrition imbalanced less than body requirements related to nausea and vomiting. Fatigue related to lack of energy. Disturbed sleep pattern related to trouble breathing. Ineffective coping related to chronic illness (Berman, Snyder, Kozier Erb, 2008). Patients needs: Information about the disease process, treatment and general advice on what to do and what not to do. Physical support and managing symptoms to relieve/reduce suffering and improve general health for live comfortably. Emotional support to reduce the psychological symptoms, where the presence of family around him will be a catalyst for this support. Social services to provide equipment such as stair lifts, ramps, commodes and information about packages of care. Enhance the care, improve quality of life and provide end life care with respect culture (customs and traditions), dignity, beneficence, sympathy and empathy. Make a nursing care plan for Verner. Explain and motivate your suggested nursing interventions in accordance with the four key areas listed in the introduction. Patient with end stage of heart failure may present with a variety of symptoms, which are similar to patients with advanced cancer (Matzo Sherman, 2010). A detailed history, physical examination, investigations and establishment of patient priorities will help in the management of their symptoms and improvement of quality of life. An accurate drug history is important due to the nature of complex drug regimens. The difficulties of coping with unwanted drug side effects may cause patients to be afraid to report their non-concordance, which may precipitate hospital admission. Common physical symptoms are fatigue, pain, breathlessness, dizziness, cachexia, anorexia, nausea, insomnia, difficulty in walking, constipation (Jaarsma et al., 2009). Communication skills are very important part in palliative care between palliative care team and patients and their families. There are small things, but significant that matter to the patient and family such as: a clean, well-pressed uniform; neat and tidy hair; an upright posture; a smile; appropriate eye contact respecting gender, age, culture or disability; a clear introduction of self and most important of all: an attitude that reflect my positive interest in them as a person (Becker, 2010). Also during communicating with the patient must repeat the information. It is possible because poor cerebral blood may lead to confusion and memory problems (Patient UK, 2010). PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS SYMPTOM CONTROL Trouble breathing, Cough in night and Sleeping disorder INTERVENTIONS (N) AND RATIONAL (R) Initial (N) Check vital signs, heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate depth. Observe if any wheezes and crackles in lung bases or edema. (R) This assessment will be noting and presence of fluid in the lung with change in heart and respiratory rate (Lewis et al., 2007). (N) Administer O2 and put patient on semi follower position. (R) Over volume is increased in the heart failure patient so, it results in jugular vein distention and increased hepatojugular vein also (Morton, Fontaine, Hudak, Gallo, 2005). (N) Control pain if any, discomfort feeling. (R) Patients may experience chronic pain such as oedematous limbs or osteoarthritis, or as a result of previous heart surgery (Morton et al, 2005). Ongoing Monitoring (N) Monitor vital signs, level of consciousness, oxygen saturation, cardiac rhythm, respiratory status and urinary output (Berman, 2008). Nausea, Vomiting, Decreased appetite and Lack of energy (N) Encourage the patient to eat the liquid food use a small amount of alcohol. (R) Could be good method to stimulate appetite and improving mood and general self esteem (Berman, 2008). (N) (Dehydration) Observe skin or mucous membrane dryness and edema. ( Ongoing Monitoring ) Monitor urinary output. (R) Occurs most often with CHF patients. Hypovolemia fluid shifts and nutritional deficits contribute to poor skin and edematous tissue (Morton et al, 2005). Ongoing Monitoring (N) Help patient to do daily activities such as using a wheel chair. (R) Patient needs to fully care of and need someone to help him in accomplishing daily activities at least to feel satisfied (Lewis et al., 2007). The main symptoms related to the case that require specific interventions of the palliative care team Causes and effects on CHF patients Managing symptom Fatigue CHF patients feel constantly tired and lacking energy. The main factors contributing to fatigue are: abnormalities in skeletal muscle due to reduced perfusion and neurohumoral changes; the side effects of medications; reduced activity; anaemia; lack of appetite and muscle wasting (Scherer et al, 2005). Fatigue causes reduced quality of life because it severely restricts patients activities and creates difficulties in walking and getting out of the house. In the end stages of heart failure even managing personal hygiene and dressing can be difficult. Fatigue can also compound other physical symptoms such as constipation, oedema and pain (Davidson et al., 2010). Access to exercise programmes may be of benefit to reduce fatigue and can give patients greater sense of well being. Explanation to the patient and his family about the physiological causes of fatigue can help them understand what they are experiencing and referral to occupational therapy of physiotherapy for advice on energy conservation and exercise can be useful. Education about healthy eating and correcting anaemia can also be beneficial (Jaarsma et al., 2009). Breathlessness Commonly caused by pulmonary oedema due to failing left ventricular function or sometimes due to anaemia. Other causes such as chest infection should not be overlooked. Anxiety, depression and inactivity can also contribute to breathlessness (Davidson et al., 2010). Increasing diuretics is the first line treatment for breathlessness due to increasing congestion and providing by Respiratory Consultant. Home oxygen may be useful for patients with daytime low blood oxygen saturations. The use of breathing and relaxation exercises can help reduce the anxiety, which often accompanies breathlessness (Davidson et al., 2010). PSYCHOLOGICAL (EMOTIONAL) SYMPTOMS Causes and effects on CHF patients Managing symptom/ Management Diagnosis of heart failure may make emotional stress. Depression, anxiety, social isolation and loneliness are common symptoms experienced by patient with end stage heart failure. The lack emotional and social support is an important predictor of morbidity and when patient become isolated and lack the ability to cope with his disease this can also be a significant predictor of mortality (Jaarsma et al., 2009). A patients experience of depression is often compounded by their physical symptoms. Psychological symptoms are can reduce quality of life. Mr. Verner says: I am not my disease, which can hinder hope for the future. From my experience when I give an opportunity to the patient as Mr. Verner condition, certainly will talk about dying. Fears of how he may die? How of pain? Emotional support is important for the patient. Effective communication with patient and his carer is needed from diagnosis and throughout the course of the illness. To maintain hope, patients can be offered good palliation of their symptoms and exploration of their preferences for care. Information needs to be available about the disease process, common feelings experienced and local social support services. Referral to psychology services or counselors may be required and some patients may benefit from an antidepressant (Jaarsma et al., 2009). Tricyclic antidepressants are not usually advised due to their pro-arthymic side effects. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (e.g. fluoxetine 20 mg once daily) are more commonly prescribed (Morton et al., 2005). SOCIAL AND FAMILY SUPPORT Causes and effects on CHF patients Management Social and family support is very important element, which engaging social services are a high priority may affect adversely on some psychological problems such as social isolation, loneliness and sadness etc. Specifically the social aspect may be involved in the following problems: financial status, capacity to self care, adherence with lifestyle and carer burden (Davidson et al., 2010). Mr. Verner misses his children and grandchildren because he does not have energy to talk on telephone. And that make him in bad condition. Social services to provide equipment such as stair lifts, ramps, commodes and information about packages of care; District nurses for assessment of symptoms and support. District nurses are often not aware of patients living with CHF until they become hospitalized; Community physiotherapy and occupational therapy for assessment and advice on exercise, energy conservation and home adaptations to aid in activities of daily living; Benefits advice patients may be eligible for disability or attendance allowance (Dunderdale, Thompson, Miles, Beer, Furze, 2005). And assist in communicating with family and give advice to family in order to be near Mr. Verner, even if the move to live with his children. The presence of family, relatives and friends around of the patient would be a very strong supporter to improve the psychological state of the patient and reduce depression, anxiety, social isolation and loneliness. SPIRITUAL (EXISTENTIAL) SUPPORT Spiritual support is an important aspect in palliative care. CHF reflected a gradual loss of identity and increased dependence and his illness make him incapacitate. Where it feels the burden on society and loses a sense of worth and meaning. Some patients have religious beliefs and feel comfortable than other patients who blame the Lord and say, Where is all this time? Why the God made me like this case? (Christian medical fellowship, 2011). Spiritual support is provided by a clinically certified interfaith chaplain and a qualified by the palliative care team. And chaplain role in this is to restore hope and existential then make the patient to cope the reality (University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 2011). And small things will make Mr. Thomas in happiness or make a huge difference, such as to bring his cat or a visit from a close friend or inspiration in art, poetry, music (Becker, 2010).CONCLUSION Patients with CHF often experience a multitude of symptoms that affect adversely on their general health therefore it may happen to them to get sudden death. Participation with palliative care team is necessary to reduce the symptoms, provide the best as much as possible to improve quality of life and provide end life care with dignity. Nursing care plays an important role in the teamwork for patients with CHF, which can addressed with a variety of interventions, to relieve physical and psychological suffering, including treatment of pain, breathing difficulties and sleeping disorders. Communication is very important between palliative care team and patients and their families to adoption key work of care approach could improve patients access to appropriate palliative care. In addition, good communication between all those caring people for the patient in both primary and secondary care is essential. However, palliative care needs to be accessible early in the disease beginning beca use in the advanced stages patients may had worsened their health and then the team cannot provide the desired care. Finally I choose this case because I think the palliative care process as a practice in health part just for cancer patients but after dealing with Mr. Verner case I add to my nursing knowledge more specialized skills about the palliative care.

Importance of Early American Women Writers Essay -- Anne Bradstreet, P

  Ã‚   What could be said to early American women's writers except, thank you? The first American women's writers opened doors and laid the foundation for future women's writers and readers. Today's women raise children, supervise households, and work outside the home with every modern convenience available, and as you would expect do not find the time to write, except for a grocery list. Early American women raised children and supervised households without the modern conveniences of today and in some way made time to write the first poetry of the "New World." For example, Everette Emerson gives a picture of Anne Bradstreet a housewife who stole hours from sleep for writing gave women American writers their start (4). Different styles of writing emerged from various early American women writers in each century, there by setting a precedent for those that followed. Anne Bradstreet, Phillis Wheatley, Abigail Adams, Hannah Foster, Susanna Rowson, and Louisa May Alcott established new forms of literary styles like poetry, letters, fiction, and novels in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Anne Bradstreet established domestic tradition in American poetry in the 17th century. Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) first book of poetry was "The Tenth Muse", with the assistance of her brother-in-law it was published in 1650. "Anne was a Puritan woman of deep spiritual faith, but her highly intelligent and well-educated mind was capable of questioning and even rebellion" (Piercy 17). During the Puritan era of Anne Bradstreet, the idea was one of community and God. According to Katherine M. Rogers, "In her "Prologue," Bradstreet acknowledged that many of her contemporaries thought a needle fitted her hand better than a pen" (Meridian 11.5.2). She rea... ... could be said to early American women's writers except, thank you? Bibliography Elbert, Sarah, ed. Louisa May Alcott on Race, Sex, and Slavery. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997. Emerson, Everett. Major Writers of Early American Literature. London: The University of Wisconsin Press, Ltd., 1972. The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Third Edition, Volume 1. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. Linda Wagner-Martin and Cathy N. Davidson. The Oxford Book of Women's Writing in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Mason Jr., Julian D. The Poems of Phillis Wheatley. The University of North Carolina Press, 1966. Piercy, Josephine K. Anne Bradstreet. New York, Twayne Publishers, 1965. Rogers, Katherine M., ed. The Meridian Anthology of Early American Women Writers. New York: Meridian, 1991.   

Dickens creates sympathy Essay

This Essay aims to examine the sympathy that Dickens created for his characters. I will be concentrating on two extracts from the novel â€Å"Great Expectations†. Extract one is when Pip and Magwitch meet initially; extract two is Pip’s first encounter with Miss Havisham. The three main characters I will be focusing on are Pip, Magwitch and Miss Havisham.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Great Expectations† was written in the 1800’s, a time which suffered from grave poverty due to the government who offer no relief to the poor. Poverty and squallier was all around. Pickpockets, prostitutes, beggers and drunks were everywhere, desperate for money. Dickens was particularly effected by this because o his own childhood trauma. He was born into the middle class which allowed him to obtain an education. This was until his father was imprisoned for multiple debts, which forced Dickens and his family into a diminished standard of life. This meant that Dickens and was forced to work from an early age. Whilst being poor himself he saw extreme poverty far greater than his own. He wrote about real life in his books, which showed the upper and middle classes, who read them, how awful the lifestyle of a poor person was.  Dickens creates sympathy for Pip through the use of setting. In the first extract Pip is in a cold, dark graveyard. This is and unpleasant place for a child to be because it is intimidating and a very lonely place for a child to be.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"And that small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry was Pip.† This illustrates that Pip’s environment is bringing him down. The fact that he is shivering shows how cold he really is. He is clearly upset about where he is otherwise he would not cry. The description of the graveyard in comparison to Pip makes him sounds extremely small. Pip is too overwhelmed by his surrounding which could be why he is so upset. Also, his feelings of loneliness are portrayed by his depression about his family situation. â€Å"I never saw my father or mother.† This gives the impression that he misses them greatly. Furthermore, it tells us that he never met his parents, possibly that they died when he was very young. This makes him upset because he never knew them or what they were like. So other than the quote which states he was crying he has yet another reason to be in a sad and depressed state. The graveyard is a lonely place for Pip, especially as he is surrounded by his dead family. However, in extract two, Pip’s environment changes. He is now in the huge house of Miss Havisham. The house is enormous yet it has lost its luster. A lot inside it looks unused, but old. Objects have lost their colours now with a hint of yellow.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"No glimpse of daylight was to be seen in it.†Ã‚  The quote helps to give the feeling of a dark and dreary place. This creates sympathy for Pip because he is in a huge house, that has long not been taken care of or used and he is scared and nervous. As well as this the scene creates sympathy for Pip by putting his in a place which is morbid and lifeless, a place which has no happiness which automatically would bring Pip down. The state of her house and the way Pip feels creates feelings of sympathy for Pip. â€Å"†¦everything with my view which ought to be white had been white long, long ago.† Again, this provides an old, lonely aroma which could potentially scare Pip. As well as being in a new place, the outlook of everything is a lot for a young boy to take in, for example; Pip says he feels â€Å"half afraid†. This setting would possibly make Pip feel uncomfortable. Also, Pip would be confused and nervous about what happened in the beginning for this once magnificent house to look the way it does. â€Å"†¦her watch had stopped at twenty minutes to nine, and that a clock in the room had stopped at twenty minutes to nine.†Ã‚  Pip was insecure and unsure of anything, and will want to know more yet hold back with fear.  In extract one, when Pip first encounters Magwitch, he is terrified. The interaction between these two characters is negative. Pip is intimidated by Magwitch. He is a lot taller, older and stronger than Pip. â€Å"†¦tilted me back †¦ his eyes looked most powerfully down into mine.†Ã‚  Magwitch is leaning over Pip, making him feel anxious and becoming very scared. Pip is very frightened as he is being threatened by Magwitch. â€Å"†O! Don’t cut my throat sir† I pleaded in terror†Ã‚  This creates sympathy for Pip because he is begging Magwitch not to cut his throat, pleading for his life. This is an intimidating situation for Pip and shows him to be desperate, which is understandable for a young boy in his position.  Dickens wants the reader to feel sympathy for Magwitch as well as Pip. We know that Magwitch is a convict by the way he is described, which does help create feelings for him. â€Å"A fearful man, all coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg.†Ã‚  This tells us that he is a convict because of the information given to us about the iron at the end of the quote. Additionally, it describes him as â€Å"all coarse grey† meaning he was from a prison, probably saying he was prison garbage. He is delineated in a way which makes him sound scared but determined. The fact he is a â€Å"fearful man† probably means he frightens others, just like he is doing to Pip. Along with this, Dickens includes a lot of detail about Magwitch’s state of health. This really creates sympathy because to be in that awful mess something horrible must have happened to him. â€Å"A man who had been soaked in water and smothered in mud< and lamed by stones and cut by flints†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This gives the image of Magwitch in the wild; he is wet through, covered in mud and cut quite badly all over. He is in a terrible state here and this creates mixed emotions about Magwitch as he threatens Pip. It raises questions in the reader’s mind as to what actually happened to him, to him act in the manner which he is doing. â€Å"While he ate the bread ravenously!†Ã‚  This concocts the idea that Magwitch is desperate for food, so much so that he threatens a child. Dickens is making the reader understand why Magwitch is threatening Pip. Dickens describes Magwitch to make him intimidating yet helpless. The sympathy for Magwitch builds up as the interaction between him and Pip grows. When he exits he is described as cold and injured.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"He hugged his shuddering body in both arms as if to hold himself together, and limped toward the church†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  He lives in hope that the boy (Pip) will bring the file he wants and food. At this point Magwitch is very weak, sad. In addition to this he is insecure and vulnerable which makes you feel sorry for him.

Steps to Improve Your Test-Taking Experience

When taking tests it is very important for you to know and understand first, the different kinds of test questions you may encounter and second, how you can help maximize your potential of doing much better by knowing a few simple skills to help you master whatever test you may be faced with. The three most common different kinds of tests include but aren't limited to; matching, multiple choice and essay tests. In the next few body paragraphs you will learn simple skills that will help you understand how to master each test as well as other general information that can assist you when taking any kind of test. During any test, first and foremost you must read the directions very careful. The biggest way to eliminate making careless errors is to fully understand what the questions are asking and to follow all instructions. We will first discuss matching tests and the skills needed to take them. During matching portions of tests it is very easy for a student to become discouraged and distracted because of the level of knowledge it seems to take to answer these test questions. One good thing to remember about matching questions however is that most matching questions are usually broken up sentences, so paying close attention to grammatical clues is key. Also being aware that in most cases a long question is not paired with a long answer. In most cases if the question is long, the answer is short and vice versa. One final helpful hint during matching portions of tests is marking out used answers, this is helpful in eliminating redundancy unless the directions specifically say some answers may be use more than once. Second are multiple choice tests. Multiple choice tests are most common in college courses and require a lot of attention to ensure getting a good grade. Again first, read all directions. If you are unsure about what the test is asking, ask for clarification from the instructor. A good way to begin taking a multiple choice test is to read all of the questions before attempting to answer any questions. Reading through the questions once is a good way to get your mind active and ready to analyze and dissect each question. Once you've read through the questions you are ready to re read the test questions and this time reading all possible answers for each question. Without reading each possible answer and choosing an answer before you know of all that are possible, you are setting yourself up to miss the opportunity to find an answer that may be better than the one you've chosen. When rereading test questions and reading all possible answers it's a good confidence booster to mark â€Å"sure thing† answers first. When you are confidently answering questions you know are true, you are more likely to have more confidence venturing onto questions you may not be sure of yet. After you've marked all of your â€Å"sure thing† answers, you may need to reread the questions and answers a second or third time to review of any questions you may now know the answers to now that you've cycled back once or twice. Only after you've marked all of your â€Å"sure thing† answers will you begin to have to look for clues to answer the remaining questions you are still unsure of. Paying attention to grammatical cues help in many cases as well as divided context (multiple choice questions that may require you to finish a sentence) or differing formats (multiple choice questions that may ask you to identify something that is NOT true, or questions that contain double negatives to confuse the test taker). In cases when you are not sure of an answer and there is an option for â€Å"all of the above†, it is your safest bet to chose this answer. Also when dealing with numbers, such as percentages in statistics, it is usually wise when in doubt to chose the middle term as a possible answer. If you are still unsure of your answer begin by discarding obviously wrong answers first and eliminate answers from there. The third, final and probably hardest test to master is the essay test. Reading and understanding all directions and guidelines is essential, especially in essay tests. In most cases when you first begin an essay test you have many ideas floating around including important facts and/ or possible ideas you want to express in your essay, because essay tests require your undivided attention it's always a good idea to jot down potential ideas you may have so you won't forget them and your mind is free of unnecessary clutter. It's always best to start with the easiest questions first to gain momentum in your test and to jump start your creative thinking process. An important aspect of essay tests is the time limit you are given, It's easy to lose rack of time however not getting you whole essay done or expressing your important points in your essay may be detrimental to the grade of your essay. A good way to ensure you have time to spare is pacing yourself. Another way is to disregard your introduction and/ or conclusion paragraphs a d jump right into the point(s) you are trying to make. Use solid evidence to support your arguments/points and try to avoid personal opinions in you essay. In any kind of test situations, may it be from the ones reviewed above or another, some tips are helpful in every test situation. Making sure your name is on your test may seem like a juvenile point to make but it also shouldn't be the reason for you test to be thrown out or given a failing grade. Understanding an reading all directions is a point that can never be stressed enough as well as understanding the nature of each type of question that is being asked. Starting with the easiest questions and working your way to the hardest is a good way to manage time as well as give yourself the extra boost of confidence needed to shake off the jitters during a test. Never second guess yourself unless you are absolutely sure your second answer is right. Many times when you second guess your first instinct it is out of fear of your test not â€Å"looking right† or out of test anxiety causing you to over analyze your answers. Get clarification if you are unsure about something but be sure to only ask your instructor for clarification, speaking with a classmate can be seen as cheating. Pace yourself to avoid careless mistakes and if you have extra time, use it to double check your answers. By following all of these steps you are sure to have a much more pleasant and relaxing test taking experience.

An Introduction to French Register

An Introduction to French Register Register refers to the level of formality of a given word, expression, grammatical structure, gesture, or means of pronunciation. In French, there are six registers, listed here from most to least formal. 1. Literary/Refined - Littà ©raire/Soutenu Literary French is an extremely formal and elegant language which is nearly always written. When spoken, it tends to be for effect and sounds snobbish or old-fashioned. Poetic French is a subcategory. 2. Formal - Formel Formal French is polite language, both written and spoken. It is used when the speaker doesnt know, wishes to show respect for, or wants to demonstrate distance/coldness toward another person. 3. Normal - Normal The normal register is the largest and most common category of language, what you might call everyday language. Normal French has no particular distinction (neither formal nor informal) and is the language used by and between just about everyone. It includes various subcategories of specialized and technical language, such as administrative, judicial, and scientific jargons. 4. Informal - Familier Informal French expresses closeness and is typically used between friends and family. Baby talk and most apocopes are informal. Although informal French is grammatically correct, it is at the bottom end of what the French call bon usage (correct usage). 5. Familiar - Populaire Familiar French is used between friends and expresses closeness verging on disrespect. Verlan and largonji are subcategories, though their individual words can range from a normal register to slang. 6. Slang (Vulgar)  - Argot (Vulgaire) Slang is vulgar, offensive, and usually insulting language, often related to sex, drugs, or violence. It may be used between friends or enemies. The familiar and vulgar registers are considered non-standard French.

Ethical Implications of Businesses in Third World Economies

Ethical Implications of Businesses in Third World Economies Introduction The global industrialization issue is increasingly becoming an internationally contested issue with developed economies possessing great economic power over developing nations. As international business competition intensifies across all economies, the pressure in developed economies seems rigorous with investors opting to venture in the developing countries (Cate, 2009). Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Ethical Implications of Businesses in Third World Economies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Small, Medium, and Multinational Corporations have found suitable business environment within the developing nations, thus resulting to socio-economic growth of these nations. As a result, developing economies perceive this idea as a chance to expand economically regardless of the shortcomings. Intensive industrial research undertaken across these nations has exhibited several malpractice issues concerning b usiness implications on the environment. Efforts to protect the environment in developing economics are gradually dwindling with businesses burgeoning in great profits resulting to unanticipated controversies in such countries. Despite several efforts and literature on this menace, much of these unethical behaviors remain unsettled. This study explores â€Å"ethical implications of businesses in third world† regarding environmental pollution. Ethical implications of businesses pollution in third world There has been a nautical change in the world industrial economy paradigm as seen in its ramifications stretching on all aspects of human civilization. With this dramatic transformation largely precipitated by the globalization phenomenon, published literature posits that developed economies remain at stake of these changes (Saee, 2009). The sensation in people around developing nations is that this globalization phenomenon results in the advancement in the economy, but they f orget the implications embedded in the transformation. A number of empirical and theoretical studies have focused on economical plunge and neglected crucial business ethics governing the globalised business environment. According to Cate (2009), research has identified several business malpractices related to environmental concerns. Air pollution, water contamination, and soil pollution have been critical environmental issues affecting countries in developing economies. Coupled with technological innovation, intensified global business capital from multinational corporations and the escalating desperate poverty conditions in developing nations, the environmental menace remains a contentious matter. Air being an essential supportive component to human life, the quality of the atmosphere has continuously deteriorated due to industrial malpractices. Ahuja and Tatsutani (2009) assert, â€Å"Energy use in many developing countries is a significant and immediate cause of high levels of air pollution and other forms of environmental degradation† (p.7). Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The increased globalization aspect has resulted in innovation of powerful energy machineries that provide heavy air pollutants. Research has identified low quality fuel with heavy compounds of lead as the most commonly consumed fuel type in some less fortunate African and Asian countries. Lead forms the highest percent of the conventional air pollutants across the entire world. This situation is non-exceptional in water and soil contamination and commercialization of fossil energy and related technologies intensifying the problem. Ahuja and Tatsutani (2009) postulate, â€Å"the extraction of commercial fuels like coal and oil is often highly damaging to local ecosystems and becomes an immediate cause of land and water pollution† (p.7). Reasons why businesses disregard standards of pollution control The deteriorating environmental quality is gradually influencing the health life of human beings with the quality of life largely affected. Harmonization efforts in the provision of a balanced ecosystem in developing countries have remained the greatest challenge. Despite the massive environmental hazards witnessed in developing economies, provision of possible remedies has remained a challenge towards averting this mayhem. The real meaning of third world refers to countries living in economically disadvantaged zones and hence these regions remain poverty-stricken. Poverty remains an internationally debated issue with the turmoil becoming more apparent in developing economies as compared to developed economies (Cate, 2009). The gradually increasing poverty is threatening the life of the surging population across developing nations especially in Africa and Asia. Coupled with unemployment and economical uncertainties, Multinational Corporations have used these elements as a scapegoat to continue practicing unethical behaviors in developing economies. Therefore, the escalating desperate poverty situations pave chances for corporations to disregard standards of pollution control. Considerable research has concluded that socio-economic and political factors underscore the increased breaching of globalization and liberalization policies and ethics that concern environmental care. Apart from poverty as a socio-economic issue, the political satire in the developing countries has marred efforts undertaken to provide fair ecosystem. Due to poor political practices, which define the broadening margin between the poor and the wealthy in developing countries, Multinational Corporations will continue with their malpractices. Saee (2009) affirms, â€Å"Bribery seems to be more extensive in developing nations†¦there is a prevalence of bribery in most Asian, African, and Middle Eastern nations regardless of its legal ity† (p.50). Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Ethical Implications of Businesses in Third World Economies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from the natural living phenomenon that may explain the distinction between developed and developing nations, political contribution contributes most of the socio-economical challenges. International business tycoons are mostly the owners of Multinational Corporations with great affluence that propels political realms through corruption across developing economies. Economic progress and development Economists have associated the degree of environmental pollution with economic advancement. The statement, â€Å"the higher the pollution, the higher the economic development† is a sticky notion embedded in human beings with its ramification remaining unclear. Across the world, the issue of industrialization has received mixed reactions with some industrial scie ntists supporting the transformation as environmentalist counter. Despite the fact that advancement in industrial operations has resulted to greater socio-economic growth, pollution should not be the price of progress in front of global watch. Ahuja and Tatsutani (2009) postulate, â€Å"whether governments are chiefly concerned with economic growth, environmental protection or energy security, it is clear that a continuation of current energy trends will have many undesirable consequences at best† (p.15). Industrial growth is persistently leading to dangerous era where environment will become the greatest hazard to human health. In normal circumstances, the usual justification for industrialization across the world is that it helps the needy and thus environmental malpractices continuously becoming a dispute. Through negligence and poor leadership, the increase in environmental degradation is becoming a challenge in developing economies. Pollution controls and environmental protection Controversially, the truth remains that for developing countries to remain economically stable, industrial growth must be acceptable as industrialization and economic augmentation are inseparable. However, industrial growth is gradually proving more harmful and helpful in the sense that several uncertainties including social and environmental hazards are projecting from the globalised phenomenon. Unfortunately, businesses in the developing world have become more profit-oriented than how human civilization requires (Cate, 2009). Conventionally, any developing country strives to stabilize economically and reduce overreliance of support from developed economies. However, this move should not be a propelling factor to disregard standards of pollution control, as human health and safe environment are non-compensated matters. Despite the fact that industrial development and economic growth are concurrent issues that nothing can separate them, industries must not deter environ mental control. Through conducive environment, industries are capable of handling their functions effectively and safely. The environment is only safe if the air, soil, and water are secure.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Human moral right over environmental issues Environmental concerns and human life are interdependent issues. Human beings will remain healthy only under a conducive and secure atmosphere and the opposite is true. Inauspicious environment leads to several human uncertainties including altering with underlying health issues that form basics of human existence. Since environment forms the basis of human existence with essentials of life being water, air, and land (soil), poisoning these components might be detrimental. Based on such human factors, human beings have a moral right to a livable environment regardless of their home country. Saee (2009) postulates, â€Å"the society allows organizations to operate within certain parameters and the business is expected to operate in a manner consistent with the societal interest† (p.53). Environmental uncertainties have always affiliated with differences in the moral philosophies that undermine values and normal systems of various c ultures. Philosophers perceive morals as principles used by human to make decisions and thus environmental protection must be a priority within people. Role of developed economies in environmental issues in third world Since the historical point of view, industrialization phenomenon has been streaming from developed economies and gradually penetrating to the developed economies in an unprecedented manner. Developed countries â€Å"are overwhelmingly responsible for current levels of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere, numerous analyses conclude that the myriad burdens of global warming are likely to fall disproportionately on developing countries† (Ahuja Tatsutani, 2009, p.7). The nature of industrial growth from one nation to another has remained a unique with its consequences remaining unequally distributed across developed and developing economies. Normally, both developed and developing economies benefit from the industrialization growth, but repercussions have becom e stronger in the less fortunate nations. Sizable power has existed in the first world countries with their business moguls interested in venturing in developing nations. International business tycoons have been behind the existing industrial competition across the globe with the majority of them originating from developed economies. However, it seems abnormal to condemn industrial development, as the need for economic growth remains a priority for many. Developed economies have had a great impact on the industrial growth and overall economic influence to developing nations (Cate, 2009). Therefore, much of the blame pertaining to environmental pollution in developing counties lays in developed economies that have triggered industrial growth and ignored environmental control remedies as well neglecting business ethics. Proposed plan for uniform global pollution control The environmental pollution menace remains more of an international issue than just regional or continental matter. Despite the repercussions of industrialization being more effective on developed economies due to social and economic matters, a more aggressive approach is necessary to handle this mayhem equally. Based on the assessment of the prevailing condition, there is a need for businesses to collaborate with the environment by applying concepts of business ethics, business ecology, and environmental ethics. Business ethics are non-mandatory system of certain standards of behaviors that businesses must follow. In a bid to help in averting this mind-nabbing environmental matter, all profit-based organization must form business code of conduct across the world to guide them through the right business protocols. Saee (2009) asserts, â€Å"The need for a comprehensive, cohesive, and universal code of conduct for entrepreneurs and organizations doing business internationally is paramount† (p.56). Firms should also work in accordance with their self-designed values, which must follow eth ical standards and engage in business accords with nations. However, the above discussion does not cover the proposed uniform global pollution control plan. For this study to help avert this situation, a universal plan is essential. The plan entails developing a strong international industrial research that targets on informing business organizations to understand, embrace, and employ business standards based on business ethics, business ecology, and environmental ethics. The plan will involve welcoming global research through a designed site that will acquire information on issues pertaining environmental pollution and remedies that will help to improve the existing condition across the globe. The research will emphasize on alternative ideas on the remedies that will ensure the environment with industries remain conserved, especially embracing the great technology. For people to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, â€Å"greater awareness on the increased efficiency, de-carbonizatio n, greater fuel diversity and lower pollutant emissions is essential† (Ahuja Tatsutani, 2009, p.15). Green technology has been the most appropriate means of replacing the energy sector with assurance of greater efficacy. Means of enforcing the proposed plan Renewable energy technologies including wind energy, solar, and biomass have greatly assisted in reducing the global consumption of petroleum-based fuels. This plan will welcome an extensive international research on biological fuels and petroleum-based fuels through designed site that will allow researchers to provide their research findings for validation. After proper validation of the compiled reports, the researcher will design an international site where people will acquire information regarding global environmental pollution and protection strategies. For instance, Ahuja and Tatsutani propose (2009), â€Å"improving vehicle performance by improved efficiency and emissions controls and promoting sustainable, low-ca rbon biofuels as an alternative to petroleum-based fuels† (p.10) as two important ways of averting environmental conservation. The newly developed site will have prerequisites that all industries must play a role. The researcher will liaise with international organs dealing with industrial ethics. This site will become a mandate for all industries globally where they can obtain environmental knowledge. Conclusion The world of globalization and industrialization is gradually receiving an international challenge concerning environmental conservation matters. Controversially, for developing countries to remain economically stable, industrial growth must be acceptable as industrialization and economic augmentation are inseparable (Cate, 2009). Published literature notes that developed economies remain at stake of these changes. Research has identified low quality fuel with large quantities of lead as the most commonly consumed fuel type in some less fortunate African and Asian c ountries. Harmonization efforts in the provision of a balanced ecosystem in developing countries have however remained the greatest challenge. Despite the massive environmental hazards witnessed in developing economies, provision of possible remedies has remained a challenge towards averting this mayhem (Cate, 2009). The gradually increasing poverty is threatening the life of the surging population across developing nations especially in Africa and Asia. Coupled with unemployment, political influence, and economical uncertainties, Multinational Corporations have used this element as a scapegoat to continue practicing unethical behaviors in developing economies. Nevertheless, the situation can be rescued by following the few recommendations stipulated in this paper coupled with other appropriate measures. Reference List Ahuja, D., Tatsutani, M. (2009). Sustainable energy for developing countries. Journal of S.A.P.I.EN.S, 2(1), 1-16. Cate, R. (2009). The impact of international trad e on less developed countries. Business Intelligence Journal, 2(1), 113-137. Saee, J. (2009). Ethical challenges confronting entrepreneurs within contemporary global economy: In search of anew world ethics. Journal of Management Systems, 21(1), 49-59.

Affirmative Action Essay Example for Free (#8)

Affirmative Action Essay ? Affirmative Action has remained one of the most controversial social issues of our time. Aggressive non-discrimination was the original intention, but it soon became clear that merely promising not to discriminate would have little effect on the racial bias in our society. My own opinion was first formed by my father and influenced by the conservative environment in which I lived. Since then, I have experienced a much broader view of American society. I have heard many different opinions on affirmative action from all aspects of our culture and I have changed my mind. The roots of affirmative action can be traced back to the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, where legislation redefined public and private behavior. The act states that to discriminate in private is legal, but anything regarding business or public discrimination is illegal (Affirmative† 13). There are two instances when opposing affirmative action might seem the wrong thing to do. First, the nobility of the cause to help others. Second, affirmative action was a great starter for equality in the work place. The case against affirmative action ests heavily on myth and misunderstanding, and following illustrates that an absence of affirmative action in today’s society will only reinforce racial injustice. Myth 1: The only way to create a color-blind society is to adopt color-blind policies. Although this statement sounds unthinkingly possible, the reality is that colorblind policies often put racial minorities at a disadvantage. For instance, color-blind seniority system tends to protect white workers against job layoffs, because senior employees are usually white (Ezorsky, 1991). Myth 2: Affirmative action has not succeeded in increasing female and minority representation. Several studies have documented important gains in racial and gender equality as a direct result of affirmative action (Bowen & Bok, 1998; Murrell & Jones, 1996). For example, affirmative action has helped five million minorities and six million whites and minority women to be promoted in the workplace. The effect of the affirmative action program previously documented show important gains in racial and gender equality according to, Roger Clegg of the Academic Search Premier. America is known as the land of opportunity. However, it became evident that â€Å"opportunity† was only available to white men. Later, laws were passed to ensure equal opportunity regardless of race, sex, and religion. These affirmative action laws were set in place by our government with the intent of correcting the social evil known as prejudice; but in doing so, they created a monster. Affirmative action has become an ineffective, outdated, and socially harmful policy that is weakening our great nation. Should Affirmative Action be mended or ended? Affirmative action is an attempt to correct unequal distribution of benefits (status, income and wealth, power and authority,) and burdens associated with ethnic and gender differences. When we become citizens of this nation, at birth or otherwise, we get a warranty. That warranty is supposed to be honored by every government franchise in every village and hamlet of this nation. It is non transferable, and it is good for the life of the vehicle. We are guaranteed the right to vote, the right to due process; the right to be free, not to be enslaved, as long as we conduct ourselves in accordance with the laws of our nation; and the right to equal treatment under the law, regardless of our race, color, sex, religion national origin. These are rights which attach to us as individuals, not as members of a group. Affirmative action has its roots in that passion for fairness. When President Lyndon Johnson explained affirmative action to the nation, it is significant that he said,’ You can’t bring a man to the starting line who has been hobbled by chains and expect him to run the race competitively. ‘ Fairness dictated that the nation pursue affirmative action to compensate black Americans for the wrong that had been done. Affirmative action was a technique for jump-starting the process of integrating black Americans into the fabric of American society, for changing the culture of America from an exclusive society into an inclusive one. I will never abandon my faith that America can become Ronald Reagan’s â€Å"shining city on the hill,† a society in which a person’s gender or race or ethnic background are irrelevant in the transactions of their government. Let us not mourn the death of affirmative action. Instead, let us proclaim our belief that the spirit of equal opportunity, which affirmative action engendered, has become a permanent fixture of America’s social, economic, and political landscape. Let us have faith in our own sense of fair play and keep affirmative action alive. Efficiency is important to the success of any machine, including economic machines. Affirmative action increases diversity, but it does so at a cost. The cost is that it promotes racism indirectly by focusing on differences. I have a better idea. The main goal behind affirmative action is to promote unity and efficiency. So the question is what is the best way to do that? One way, is to simply provide unity incentives. Instead of punishing qualified white males, we should instead provide incentives to white males to promote diversity and unity. The best way to do this is to use the tax system. Greater unity should mean lower taxes, meaning tax incentives to anyone who promotes unity. The more women you hire, the lower your taxes. The more minorities you hire, the lower your taxes. If your business is diverse according to guidelines, you should actually be able to earn money for promoting diversity and unity. Affirmative action is wrong; you should not punish qualified employees. You should instead reward shareholders, CEO’s, and the corporation itself for doing what is rational, and in the best interest of the bottom line. So one replacement for affirmative action could be unity tax deductions. Another replacement for affirmative action could be unity credits, where individuals who choose to run their business or give to charities which promote unity, can actually receive credits for doing so and abolish affirmative action. That great American pastime—baseball—is a reminder of the intensity of our passion for fairness as we encourage the crowd to ‘kill the umpire’ if he makes what we consider an unfair call. As we drive home at the end of the day, our hands gripping the steering wheel, our bumper kissing the one ahead, when to our right a vehicle speeds along the curb and merges ahead of us at the moment when an opening appears, our passion for fairness surfaces. The protrusion of one of our fingers signals our belief that one of the rules of fairness has been violated. In every sport I can think of—baseball, basketball, football, tennis—one is expected to play between the white lines. To do otherwise is unfair and carries a penalty. The problem with affirmative action is that it singles out a particular ethnic subsection of the lower class, while leaving many deserving people behind solely because of their heritage. Instead, this society should focus on raising the bar for all members of the lower and middle class who wish to educate themselves and better their economic, intellectual and cultural positions in life. We should do this by providing more lower class young adults of all colors and creeds with inexpensive higher education. I strongly believe that only when affirmative action is unnecessary and outmoded should we abolish it. We should not destroy our current solution without creating a newer, better one. In conclusion, affirmative action policies, as they exist right now, are ineffective, outdated, hypocritical, and harmful. On the other hand, affirmative action is the best thing since peanut butter, where all people of all race can enjoy a good sandwich. Though all of these may be argued well by both sides, this last point is indisputable. Affirmative Action, no matter how it is explained, rationalized, justified, or disguised, will still be the center of social issues in our time and the time to come. Affirmative Action. (2017, Jan 15).

General Systems Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

General Systems Theory - Essay Example According to Dwivedi and Wade, a process is essentially a set of behaviors that incorporates a system and whose aim is to achieve a goal. A system consists of elements which have many and relevant properties. These elements are not part of the system, but in case they are removed or changed then the state of the system will be changed or altered. This paper focuses uniquely on emergence and connectivity system theory concepts as they applied in the information systems. The benefits of information systems include personnel and inventory reduction. Tangible benefits include improved processes, visibility and standardization. The benefits can also be classified as strategic, financial, tactical and operational. Organizational systems provide the environment for the information systems (Stair & Reynolds 2011). According to Stair & Reynolds, the information systems are different from the organizations in which they are embedded. Information systems are purposive systems. Organizations are systems which are purposeful (Hua & Bapna 2009). Hua & Bapna urge that, in case of a purposive system, there are multiple goals, which are different but they are under a common property. Information systems offer considerable help in packaging and processing organizational systems. ... In this case, the observer can be a manager, customer, etc. we must view an information system as an element of a bigger system. Information systems play an extremely prominent role in the running of an organization (Knight & Halkett 2010). An organization is a system which consists of subsystems which are distinct but correspond to each other. While considering information systems it is crucial to take note of how the general systems theory promotes the purpose and understanding of information systems, (Stair & Reynolds 2011). Considering the above definition, information systems can be conceptualized and thought of as control systems. They can also be viewed as subsystems that give common meaning or purpose to a system which is part of a bigger system (Knight & Halkett 2010). This definition carries more value and representation than the other definitions. It also shows the modern role of information systems. General system theory and information systems General systems theory (GST ) can be applied to information systems (IS). General systems theory consists of four concepts that help to define any system. These are emergence, control, hierarchy and communication. Emergence refers to the process by which new structures and properties are derived in complex systems. This happens when elements of a system interact over a period of time. Hierarchy refers to a collection of stages or levels which are arranged according to the level of detail or complexity. This is demonstrated through systems and subsystems. When information is being processed in organization systems, it is planned, processed and displayed according to these hierarchies. This saves time for the organization. The communication is the process by which

The Rise of Jews in Hollywood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Rise of Jews in Hollywood - Essay Example This essay will also evaluate the impact of the Jews in Hollywood by talking about Jewish film studio owners, producers, directors, actors and actresses. The Hollywood District is located in Los Angeles, California in the United States. Its cultural identity and frame presents Hollywood as a historical center for movie stars and studios. The term Hollywood is currently used to refer to the American cinema since much of the entertainment industry has diffused to the surrounding locations. Jews inhabited the United States of America early in the 17th century. However, they were denied the ability to own offices and perform actively in societal affairs. Despite this condition, more Jews are still immigrating to the United States in search of greener pastures. Research shows that a vast majority of the Jews globally are situated in the United States and several other parts of Israel. Therefore, most individuals claimed that the Jews were in control of Hollywood. In retort to this opinion , the Americans were truly upset by this point of view considering the entertainment industry in their midst. Only a mere 22% of the Americans believed that the television and movie industries were run by the Jews, compared to over 50% of the people who supported the idea in the late 60s. This reveals how America has gotten dumb; hence, the Jews are totally taking over the entertainment industry in Hollywood (Stein, par. 1). According to an ad adapted from the New York Times, the Screen Actors Guild contract that was signed by top executives in the entertainment industries proved that the most of them were Jewish. Such included the President of News Corp, the chairman of Paramount Pictures, Chief Executive and chairman of Walt Disney Company, the chairman of Sony Pictures, CBS Corp’s Chief Executive, and the Chief Executive of NBC Universal. This reveals that the Jewish have substantially taken over the entertainment industry in Hollywood (Stein par. 2). In addition, the Amer ican society has established strong enmity between them and the Jews. The enemies of the Jews repeatedly point out that the movie industry of America is in the hands of the Jewish community. The Jewish immigrants from Europe are the ones who run and organize movie studios in this country. They are the ones who founded the movie studios and also involved studio productions as part of their business ventures in the United States (Falk, par. 1). The Jewish moguls in the entertainment industry combined ideas in order to develop films that portray the American culture and the exploitation of the poor individuals in the society by the rich. Likewise, the Jews also invented the musicals, talking films, and Technicolor. These inventions heightened the movie industry for a period of 40 years (1920-1960). The movie producers tried to come up with excellent and imaginable ideas based on movie scripts. However, their imaginative capacity in the movie production did not linger around Jewish them es even during the 2nd World War that left most of their families persecuted in Europe. This was quite shameful to the Jewish movie tycoons considering that they sympathized with Native Americans and the Aborigines of Australia, but, completely forgot about their fellow Jews (Falk par. 5). The Jewish studio bosses were not the only individuals from the Jewish society who were in the entertainm

Paramedic science degree (Medical) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paramedic science degree (Medical) - Essay Example Hence, her doctor advised bariatric surgery six months ago. Her initial surgery led to a 5% weight loss within the first two months of the gastric banding surgery. She was encouraged by results and so she requested for the biliopancreatic diversion without duodenal switch. This procedure also helped her lose more weight. Her third request for surgery is being considered by her physician due to dependency concerns. Her physician, as well as the rest of the medical team believes that she has become dependent on bariatric surgeries and they are reluctant to encourage or feed such dependency. When confronted with such concern, she insisted that she has not become dependent on the surgeries and that this was the last surgery she would take to help her lose weight. Despite medical advice, she insists that she needs the gastric stimulation surgery in order to effectively help her lose more weight. Feelings (What was I thinking and feeling?) While caring for the bariatric patient who was bec oming dependent on our services, I felt that we needed to put an end to her dependency. The bariatric surgery during the earliest stages of her diabetes is an effective means of reducing her weight. In a study by Dixon, et.al. (2005, p. 472), the authors were able to establish that bariatric surgery done at the earliest stages of diabetes is very much beneficial to patients because it helps reduce and manage their weight and successively help them achieve better results in their diabetes management. Two bariatric surgeries however, are more than sufficient for the current patient to gradually and safely lose weight; and allowing the third surgery to proceed would also be akin to enabling her dependence. I could sense that her demeanour and attitude about the surgeries were based on the concept that the surgeries can be easily availed of and it was her right to demand said services. I felt that her dependence on bariatric surgeries must be stopped and the services to be offered to he r must be based on her health maintenance – not on more bariatric surgeries. In a study by Kushner (2000, p. 126), the authors emphasized the importance fulfilling the essential caloric intake from the limited food intake allowable after gastric banding. This should be focused on by the patient – not the need for more surgeries. Evaluation (What was good and bad about the experience?) What was good about the experience was that I learned to detect signs of dependence in patients. I was able to assess the patient’s behaviour and attitude about the surgery and to determine whether these symptoms were indicative of dependence. The experience also taught me how to deal with patients and their dependence. Normally, I would have given in to a patient’s requests; and, this experience taught me to how to therapeutically refuse a patient’s requests or demands. Therapeutically refusing a patient is not simply about refusing a patient’s requests, but i t is also about making oneself available to respond to the patient’s emotional needs (Austin, 2010, p. 483). What was bad about the experience was that we had limited options for the patient in terms of psychological or mental health assistance. We knew that she was going through some mental health issues which affected her determination to lose weight. As health professionals, we could have provided more counselling for her in order to ensure that she would be able to deal with the emotional challenges of her obesity and to

The industrial revolution and economic opportunities for women in the Essay

The industrial revolution and economic opportunities for women in the 1830s - Essay Example Concerning what effects the revolution had on the lives of women, Lerner points out that professionalization â€Å"worked to the detriment of women† (152). She stated that when the need to train individuals in medicine arose, women were locked out of the recruitment process. This happened with total disregard to the fact that prior to that some aspects of medicine as if women dominated the one midwifery. It was the case with law, business, and retail trade where the role of women diminished. Lerner further asserts that â€Å"the only reason women continued to thrive† (153) in two particular fields, nursing and education was actual because these areas were considered womanly and were in essence low paying. Aside from professionalization, Lerner argues that industrialization sharpened the divide in the lifestyle of women of different classes. According to her, while the lower-class women essentially became ‘mill girls’ owing to their nature of work in factori es, the middle and upper classes of women transformed to become ‘ladies’. This is because they invested their newfound free time in pursuing leisure. What comes out clearly from Lerner’s arguments is that the opportunities that arose from the industrial â€Å"revolution marginalized women† (155) and those that did not, were long-hour jobs that did not present women with a better economic opportunity. On the other hand, the supporting essay by Cott states that in â€Å"the 1830 is a primarily female labor force† was recruited by new textile industries.

Review of Accounting Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review of Accounting Ethics - Essay Example Accounting ethics, which are set by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), and the Securities and Exchange Commission (Audi, 2009). The ethics are contained in the accounting principles that dictate the way businesses should account for their sales, profits, and costs. The principles are known as the International Financial Reporting standards, and these govern mainly public organizations, which are required to publish their annual statements. In the last decade, there has risen cases of bleach of accounting ethics, and this raised questions among investors concerning the effectiveness of the business environment (Kushniroff, 2011). The cases involved organizations such as Enron, Tyco, WorldCom, and Yahoo among others. The rise of these cases triggered the implementation of several regulations in the accounting sector, which include the requirement for accountability and the involvement of the community in dealing with cases that concern bleach of ethics. The accounting environment requires state corporations to reveal their annual statements to the public through the media. The accounting boards require companies also to employ internal and external auditors to verify the annual statements. Business stakeholders such as investors and shareholders are now more aware of business ethics than they were in the last decade. This indicates that the business environment and regulations are conducive for ethical behavior (Kushniroff, 2011). Those who break the rules are individuals who are mainly interested in making personal gains rather than companies. 2. Based on your research, describe the organization, the accounting ethical breach and the impact to the organization related to ethical breach. Tyco is a company that offers fire fighting and prevention equipments to industries such as banking, transportation, health care, and marine in over fifty countries in the globe. Kozlowski, the chief Executive of the Company in 2002, bleached the accounting prin ciples of the firm by assigning himself illegal bonuses worth six hundred million dollars. The executive also used the company’s finances personally by purchasing expensive jewels and organizing private parties (SEC, 2002). The company suffered the loss of finances that were used by the executive to satisfy his personal needs. Tyco also wasted finances when following up the case against the executive; this money would have been used more efficiently had the case not arisen. The organization also lay off numerous workers. These consequences led to the decline in the company’s sales and profits that consequently reduced price of the firm’s stock (Kushniroff, 2011). 3. Determine how the organizational ethical issue was detected and how management failed to create an ethical environment. The case against the CEO of Tyco company was brought to light by Robert Morgenthau, a Manhattan District Attorney in 2002 (SEC, 2002). The attorney discovered the fraud while he was investigating cases of tax evasion against Kozolowski. The investigation of tax evasion had been ordered by the Securities and Exchange Commission, which had discovered that Tyco was settling personal taxes for Kozolowski. Robert disclosed the fraudulent statements that he discovered in the company’s books to the SEC, which then launched further investigations. The management of the company had failed to cover personal expenses with their salaries. The investigation

Answer the following questions at a country of case study (your Essay

Answer the following questions at a country of case study (your choice) questions below,part of Energy and Environmental Security class - Essay Example Oil is their main source of energy. On average, current statistics place china as the largest importer of petroleum as well as other liquid fuels. China consumes its energy through oil production. It has the leading and most stable oil companies hence the efficiency in access. The oil prices keep shifting on the international market depending with China’s oil production. The country has seen to it that its large population consumes more of oil, as they produce it domestically and go further ahead to import more. The main sources of imported oil by china include, production from Russia, Kazakhstan and Myanmar. China has pipeline connection with those countries hence serve as one of their energy sources. Apart from oil, china is known to use coal as another of its primary source of energy. China is also world’s largest coal producer and consumer. Statistics and trends over the years indicate China as the country that consumes half the coal in the world. This is factual considering its large population over the years. Electricity in China is generated using coal as opposed to other countries that use renewable sources of energy for electricity. Among oil and coal as the leading energy producers for China, natural gas and several renewable energy plants are being employed in the country. Following the demand of natural gas, China opts to import it as it produces it in small amounts and has few sites for its production. Some renewable energy plants are underway in their set up using China’s deep waters. The reforms in energy productions are now being fronted by the government of China. China also uses Uranium and nuclear energy as some sources of fuel. The major trading countries of energy with China include India, The US, Europe and many other countries. India happens to be another populous country neighboring China. Being the two most populated countries, they both share trade in energy. On average they are the world’s largest energy

Review of Accounting Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review of Accounting Ethics - Essay Example Accounting ethics, which are set by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), and the Securities and Exchange Commission (Audi, 2009). The ethics are contained in the accounting principles that dictate the way businesses should account for their sales, profits, and costs. The principles are known as the International Financial Reporting standards, and these govern mainly public organizations, which are required to publish their annual statements. In the last decade, there has risen cases of bleach of accounting ethics, and this raised questions among investors concerning the effectiveness of the business environment (Kushniroff, 2011). The cases involved organizations such as Enron, Tyco, WorldCom, and Yahoo among others. The rise of these cases triggered the implementation of several regulations in the accounting sector, which include the requirement for accountability and the involvement of the community in dealing with cases that concern bleach of ethics. The accounting environment requires state corporations to reveal their annual statements to the public through the media. The accounting boards require companies also to employ internal and external auditors to verify the annual statements. Business stakeholders such as investors and shareholders are now more aware of business ethics than they were in the last decade. This indicates that the business environment and regulations are conducive for ethical behavior (Kushniroff, 2011). Those who break the rules are individuals who are mainly interested in making personal gains rather than companies. 2. Based on your research, describe the organization, the accounting ethical breach and the impact to the organization related to ethical breach. Tyco is a company that offers fire fighting and prevention equipments to industries such as banking, transportation, health care, and marine in over fifty countries in the globe. Kozlowski, the chief Executive of the Company in 2002, bleached the accounting prin ciples of the firm by assigning himself illegal bonuses worth six hundred million dollars. The executive also used the company’s finances personally by purchasing expensive jewels and organizing private parties (SEC, 2002). The company suffered the loss of finances that were used by the executive to satisfy his personal needs. Tyco also wasted finances when following up the case against the executive; this money would have been used more efficiently had the case not arisen. The organization also lay off numerous workers. These consequences led to the decline in the company’s sales and profits that consequently reduced price of the firm’s stock (Kushniroff, 2011). 3. Determine how the organizational ethical issue was detected and how management failed to create an ethical environment. The case against the CEO of Tyco company was brought to light by Robert Morgenthau, a Manhattan District Attorney in 2002 (SEC, 2002). The attorney discovered the fraud while he was investigating cases of tax evasion against Kozolowski. The investigation of tax evasion had been ordered by the Securities and Exchange Commission, which had discovered that Tyco was settling personal taxes for Kozolowski. Robert disclosed the fraudulent statements that he discovered in the company’s books to the SEC, which then launched further investigations. The management of the company had failed to cover personal expenses with their salaries. The investigation

A Strategy To Reach The Unchurced Essay Example for Free

A Strategy To Reach The Unchurced Essay Jesus commanded us to go and tell. The passage in Matthew 10 gives us words of conviction, instruction, preparation and finally expectation. We need to absorb this and as we do I believe that it will become clear what we are to do. And ways to reach the unchurch is making strategy. There are many church now answering the call to reach the Unchurch but to how to reach it we will find in the next paragraph. Giving Time The strategy of Sunset Presbyterian Church take the time needed to keep their circle of unchurch friends. Feil states, â€Å"I think everyone on our pastoral staff places a high priority on giving our people the time and the freedom to maintain their connections with their workplace, their marketplace, with nonchurched neighbors and friends. That is a high priority for us. They have to keep that circle of influence, that network of friends. We try to communicate clearly that we want to partner with them in reaching those people for Christ. And the primary way we want to partner with them is make our church a place where those people can come. Not just for some special evangelistic event but any Sunday and to any program or ministry. † (Feil, 2001). Start New Ministry The American Missionary Fellowship(2006) develop new ministries in every community possible using our new evangelistic tool, the Learning Community. A Learning Community is an evangelistic effort to bring together unchurched people with common interests in order to study the Bible and to equip lay teachers/leaders. Start New Bible Study Groups The LifeWay Church Resources ( 2005) Churches will be able to accommodate new people and the return of non-attending members primarily by enlarging the tent (Isaiah 54:2-3) of its open groups strategy through the expansion of its Sunday School ministry. These groups and classes usually are designed to target persons who ordinarily do not participate in church; many of these new units become the entry point for unchurched persons into the church and a relationship with Jesus Christ. This training will also help focus on the need and opportunities to start new churches in locations where people are not being reached by existing churches. Reaching people in crisis One factor is certain about the leaders of these churches that reach the unchurched: they are highly creative in their attempts to reach the unchurched. A Baptist church in West Virginia has a hospital ministry to new mothers, an attempt to reach these young families in their positive crisis. A West Coast Evangelical Free Church has reached more unchurched through its crisis pregnancy ministry than any another approach. And a Wesleyan church in the Midwest offers its beautiful sanctuary to prospective newlyweds at a very modest fee but only if they agree to four sessions of premarital counseling. The lesson is clear: the unchurched are more likely to seek a church at a point of crisis. Innovative churches have discovered ways to have a presence in these crisis moments. ( Rainer,Thom S. ) Welcoming Atmosphere Creating a welcoming atmosphere by encouraging everyone, including the pastoral staff, to wear â€Å"stick on† name tags. They also pass a â€Å"Friendship Register† down the aisle each week, allowing members and visitors to sign in. Visitors usually sign-in this way, first, in order to let themselves be known. Visitors are also invited to identify themselves in the public worship services by simply raising their hand so that the ushers can give them a tape and brochure. â€Å"Our regular people know that the reason we are asking people to raise their hands is so they can identify them,† explains Pastor Feil. â€Å"I have had many first time visitors tell me that when they raised their hand three or four people around them said ‘hello, I’m so and so, who are you and welcome, we’re glad you are here, can I answer any questions. ’ So, they have been greeted as a result of that. That has worked for us. † (Barbara Feil. 2001). Reaching the unchurched through quality childcare Parents today want the best for their children, said an independent Baptist pastor from Louisiana. It is amazing how much they care for the spiritual well-being of their children but neglect themselves in this area, he said. We decided to allocate heavy dollar resources into updating our preschool and childrens wing. Boy, has it paid off! Were now reaching many of these young families who have no church background, he exclaimed. ( Rainer,Thom S. ) Reaching through Shepherding and Discipleship Throughout all the ministries the focus is on shepherding and discipleship—the whole culture is aimed at this process. Feil states, â€Å"From the time someone becomes a believer here at Sunset the rest of what we do is aimed at that, to help them grow in their faith. That’s what we are concerned about, that everyone grows in his or her faith. So the purpose of every ministry, across the board, is to help disciple people. † (Barbara Feil. 2001). Focus Evangelistic Efforts on Children and Youth The Central Church dont neglect the adults, said a nondenominational church pastor from Minnesota, but we have seven specific ministries a year designed to reach teens and children. More than one-half of the pastors indicated that their churches had specific strategies to reach children and youth, the largest unchurched group in America. ( Rainer,Thom S. )

The Doctrine Of Double Effect

The Doctrine Of Double Effect The Doctrine of Double Effect The principle of double effect also called the doctrine of double effect normally applied in the medicine, palliative care and war fields is always invoked in order to explain the permission to carry out an action that can cause serious harm. The harm in this case may include the death in human beings as a result of the side effects otherwise with the aim of promoting some good. This doctrine affirms that at times it may be permissible to cause harm as side effect to arrive at a desirable result. However it becomes necessary to understand that it is not permissible to cause such harm so as to arrive at the same good end Thomas Aquinas coined this principle during his discussion of the permissibility of self defense. Aquinas observed that nothing hinders one act from having two effects only one of which is intended whereas the other is besides the intention. There are four conditions tied to the application of this principle: The act must be morally good or else indifferent. In other words the good result should be achievable apart from the bad one The good effect must be derived from the action immediately just as the bad effect. This implies that the desirable or good effect is produced directly by the action not by the bad effect. The good effect should be proved sufficiently desirable as compensation for allowing the bad effect The agent who in this case may be the practitioner of the principle should not positively will the bad effect but may permit it. In other words the bad effect here is considered as an indirectly voluntary happening. Administering a vaccine for example will definitely save many lives. However a few people get sick and even die from the vaccines side effects. The vaccine manufacturer and agent who administer the vaccine are morally discharged. This is because lives are saved because of the vaccination and not as a result of the fatalities resulting from the side effects. The fatalities as a result of the vaccine do not advance any objectives of the agents and therefore is not intended as a means to an end. The number of lives saved by the vaccine is much greater than the numbers who die from the side effects satisfying the proportionality condition legitimizing this principle. In order to understand if this principle provides a sound basis to make a distinction between intentional and unintentional actions for which we are morally responsible or not we need to summarize the conditions under which the principle of double effect would be considered ethically legitimate and these are that: The act being performed is not itself morally evil. Using the vaccine example we can point out that the manufacturers or administrators of the same (agents) are not performing a morally evil act. The good effect in this case of the vaccine example is to save lives and is not as a result of the evil effect the fatalities resulting from the vaccines side effects. Only the good effects in this case the saving of lives through body immunity enhancement by the vaccine is directly intended, the bad effects which would be the death due to side effects of the vaccine is not intended but tolerated or unavoidable. There is due proportion between good which is the total number of people who benefit by boosting their immunity through the vaccine and the bad effects which is the small proportion of people who succumb to the vaccines side effects. Considering palliative care and medical cases this principle provides a sound basis for making a distinction. According to Dr. Taboada we have to understand that a moral act does not merely consist of a physical performance. There is the moral species of the act that we must consider as well. The moral species of the act can be analyzed by asking the question what are you doing? An appropriate answer that can be backed by this principle of double effect would reveal an intrinsic intentionality of the moral act. Using the case of palliative care where an agent such as a doctor uses morphine to relieve pain in terminally ill patients to elaborate this fact we would have a more accurate answer to the moral species act question what are you doing ? as relieving pain. This answer reveals the intrinsic intentionality of the moral act. Dr. Taboada further points out that ethical experiences are determined by the moral species of the act which in essence is the kind of act we perform. There can be proved a relationship between an agents motivation and the moral character of the given action. Therefore the intrinsic intentionality of the act itself and the intention of the agent are not the same thing as elaborated by Dr. Taboada and hence they must be carefully distinguished. Further still ethical character of our actions do not primarily depend on motivation or intention of the agent as such but on the moral species of the action performed. Thus the principle of double effect intends to secure this distinction as a necessary condition for ethical legitimacy to be established and our actions respected. Therefore in carrying out actions that can easily invoke a moral debate it is necessary to clearly understand the doctrine of double effect and legitimize each of these actions based on the conditions that have suggested by Michael Walzer. In order to legitimize the action to take we may also consider the Sulmasy test especially so if this action is confined within the medical field. Daniel Sulmasy in this test challenges the medical practitioners to ask themselves this question if the patient were not to die after my actions would I feel that I had failed to accomplish what I had set out to do? The problems that arise from the principle of double effect can effectively be handled while considering the contributions of people like Dr. Taboada who points out that an actions anatomy which distinguishes the action from the intention must be always considered. This draws us to a very important conclusion that will require the application of the doctrine of double effect to effectively ad dress that is the distinguishing of intrinsic intentionality of an act and the intention of the agent. With this in mind we can effectively conclude that the principle of double effect provides a sound basis for making a distinction between intentional effects of our actions for which we are morally responsible and the unintentional effects of the actions for which we are not morally responsible.

foolear Essay on Shakespeares King Lear - The Fool In Us :: King Lear essays

King Lear: The Fool In Us      Ã‚  Ã‚   King Lear is without doubt Shakespeare's most nihilistic play.   It is a storm without clearing.   In this version of reality, faith is absurd.   The play is set in the pagan era, where King Lear loses all his faith in the gods.   However, we see the need for Christian revelation in the hopelessness of the play.   We also see in the character of the Fool a character who resembles the wisdom and words of the Apostle Paul "Let no man deceive himself.   If any man among you seemeth to be wise in this world, let him become a fool that he may be wise."1   These words are very similar to the function and meaning of the word fool in the play.   While fool in Shakespeare's plays can represent a "dupe", a "madman", a "beloved one", a "court jester", or a "victim", it means all of these in King Lear.   For the Fool is the court jester, Cordelia is Lear's beloved one, and Lear, himself, is at various times duped, a madman, and a victim.   Yet, when we look at th e words of Paul, we see the Fool tell Lear virtually the same thing in this play.   For Lear believes himself to be wise, when, in reality, he is a duped fool:    Fool.   If thou wert my Fool, Nuncle, I'd have thee beaten for being old before they time. Lear.   How's that? Fool.   Thou should'st not have been old till thou hadst been wise.2    The Fool loves Lear as much as anyone in the play, save for his youngest daughter Cordelia.   The Fool knows Lear's only mistake is not accepting Cordelia's expression of love.   Once he has divided his kingdom between Goneril and Regan it is too late for any advice to Lear to resolve the matter.   The Fool tries to get Lear to understand what a dupe and bungler he has been, but Lear cannot see himself as the portrait the Fool paints.   Lear needs nothing more than himself; he has everything in himself.   However, he goes from everything in himself to nothing because he has been unwise:    Lear.   Does any here know me?   This is not Lear: Does Lear walk thus?   Speak thus?   Where are his eyes? Either his notion weakens, his discernings Are lethargied-Ha! waking? 'tis not so. Who is it that can tell me who I am?